| Abstract | Širok utjecaj turizma i turističkih kretanja ističe važnost i posebnu važnost potrebe za upravljanjem rastom i razvojem, osobito u kontekstu održivog razvoja. Turizam već duže stavlja naglasak na autohtone, jedinstvene destinacije bogate sadržajem stvarajući specifične oblike turizma kao što je kulturni turizam. Nematerijalna kulturna baština predstavlja kulturni resurs koji se može integrirati u turističke aktivnosti na više načina te doprinijeti održivom razvoju turizma. Istraživački ciljevi ... More usmjereni su ponajprije na definiranje i razumijevanje održivog razvoja turizma, kulturnog turizma i kulturnih turista te nematerijalne kulturne baštine kao dijela kulture, ali i dijela turističke ponude. U teorijskom dijelu rada analizira se održivi razvoj s osvrtom na prekretnice koje su oblikovale današnje shvaćanje održivog razvoja turizma. Raspravlja se o problemima definiranja i kategoriziranja kulturnog turizma i donose se specifičnosti koje određuju kulturne turiste i kulturne proizvode. Središte ovoga rada čini nematerijalna kulturna baština, u kojim se oblicima pojavljuje i na koji se način osigurava njezino očuvanje. Turistička valorizacija nematerijalne kulturne baštine u osnovi predstavlja pretvorbu kulturnog resursa u turistički resurs. Posljedice utječu na sam turizam i turiste tako što ona nije samo atrakcija za posjetitelje nego i ključni element u oblikovanju autentičnih turističkih iskustava. Uz niz pozitivnih učinaka, lokalna se zajednica može susresti i s negativnim posljedicama povećane turističke posjećenosti. Oprez i planiranje nužni su kako nematerijalna kulturna baština kao dio turističke ponude ne bi izgubila svoju svrhu i važnost za lokalnu zajednicu ili autentičnost. Integracija nematerijalne kulturne baštine u turističke projekte obogaćuje turističko iskustvo, potiče kulturnu razmjenu i podupire dobrobit zajednice. Ciljevi empirijskog dijela ovog rada usmjereni su na istraživanje utjecaja turističke valorizacije nematerijalne kulturne baštine na održivi razvoj turizma, posebno smanjenjem sezonalnosti i povećanjem turističke potrošnje. Ključni aspekti uključuju produljenje boravka turista u destinaciji, privlačenje dolazaka izvan glavne sezone te stvaranje atraktivne ponude koja omogućuje kontinuirano zanimanje turista tijekom cijele godine. Nematerijalna kulturna baština, kao jedinstven i neponovljiv resurs, ima značajnu ulogu u oblikovanju turističkih proizvoda koji zadovoljavaju suvremene turističke potrebe. Pozitivni ekonomski učinci turističke valorizacije nematerijalne kulturne baštine ogledaju se u povećanoj potrošnji turista, rastu prihoda lokalnog stanovništva i jačanju lokalnih gospodarstava. Istodobno, nositelji baštine dobivaju priliku za očuvanje i revitalizaciju svojih tradicija dok sinergija kulturnog turizma i očuvanja baštine doprinosi uravnoteženom razvoju zajednica i destinacija. Takav pristup ne samo da pridonosi održivosti turizma već i jača društvenu koheziju te potiče širu svijest o važnosti očuvanja kulturne baštine kao temelja identiteta i turističke atraktivnosti. Less |
| Abstract (english) | The broad impact of tourism highlights the importance and special significance of the need for management, particularly in the context of sustainable development. Tourism has long emphasized indigenous, unique destinations rich in content, creating specific forms of tourism such as cultural tourism. Intangible cultural heritage represents a cultural resource that can be integrated into tourist activities in various ways and contribute to the sustainable development of tourism. To gain a ... More deeper understanding of the research problem and ease the research process the research questions are identified for both the conceptual and for the empirical part of this dissertation. Each research question represents a research goal, or part of it. In the conceptual part of the dissertation the research goals, with accompanying research questions include the following:
Research question
What is sustainable tourism development?
Research goal
What are the "rules" of tourism development if it is to be sustainable? Who is involved in the process of tourism development when it is sustainable? Define sustainable tourism development, the fundamental guidelines and principles of sustainable tourism development, and the relevant stakeholders
Research question
How can sustainable tourism development be measured?
Research goal
Display indicators of sustainability in tourism What are the characteristics of sustainable development of cultural tourism?
Research question
What are the specific aspects of sustainability for tangible and intangible cultural heritage?
Research goal
Define sustainable development of cultural tourism and the specifics of sustainability in tangible and intangible cultural heritage
Research question
What is cultural tourism? Are there any differences within cultural tourism? Who are the participants of cultural tourism? Are there any differences among them? What makes them special or different from other tourists? What is the subject of consumption in cultural tourism? What are the unique features of a cultural product in tourism?
Research goal
Define cultural tourism, cultural tourists and cultural tourism product and distinguish between the motives and types within cultural tourism.
Research question
What is intangible cultural heritage? What are the main differences between tangible and intangible cultural heritage?
Research goal
Define intangible cultural heritage and its specific characteristics in comparison to tangible cultural heritage.
Research question
Who participates in the preservation of intangible cultural heritage? How do they do it? Are there regulations and standards that protect intangible cultural heritage, and who is responsible for them?
Research goal
Define the organizations involved in the preservation of intangible cultural heritage.
Research question
What is the relationship between intangible cultural heritage and (cultural) tourism? How can intangible cultural heritage be incorporated into tourism?
Research goal
Show the connection between intangible cultural heritage and cultural tourism and explain the tourist valorization of intangible cultural heritage
Research question
What are all the possible consequences of incorporating intangible cultural heritage into tourism on cultural tourism and tourists, on the local population and on the intangible cultural heritage itself?
Research goal
Show the impact of the tourist valorization of intangible cultural heritage on tourism and tourists, on the local community and on the intangible cultural heritage itself
Research question
Are there any specific aspects to pay attention to when incorporating intangible cultural heritage into tourism?
Research goal
Analyse the critical areas of sustainability for tourist-valorised intangible cultural heritage.
This dissertation has six main chapters, five of them are focused on theoretical research of the main topics and the last one is representing the empirical research of impact of intangible culture heritage on sustainable tourism development. The first theoretical chapter analyses sustainable development with a focus on milestones that have shaped the current understanding of sustainable tourism development. This chapter discusses stakeholders involved, indicators and their purpose with emphasis on sustainable cultural tourism development and the particularities regarding intangible cultural heritage. Next chapter discusses the problems of defining and categorizing cultural tourism while showing the different approaches. Further, it thoroughly presents specifics that determine cultural tourists and cultural products. There are several views of cultural tourist’s typology, each of them having a different foundation at its core. Depending on the view, the main determining factors could be motivation, intention, depth of experience and of course, a combination of them. The third theoretical chapter is defining cultural heritage and explaining the difference between tangible and intangible cultural goods. Intangible cultural heritage is the central focus when explaining the various forms and its relevance to the local communities, nations, and mankind as a whole. The preservation of the intangible cultural heritage is a focal point of protection cultural heritage and cultural identities of local communities. There are many national and international institutions taking part in safeguarding intangible cultural heritage. Their main work and achievements are presented. The final theoretical chapter explores the tourist valorization of intangible cultural heritage. What it essentially involves, is the transformation of a cultural resource into a tourist one. These actions are putting the intangible cultural good in the tourist market for consumption. The impacts of this are wide and not only are they affecting tourism, tourists and local communities, but the intangible cultural heritage as well. Consequences on tourism and tourists are mostly positive in a way that intangible cultural tourist product is not only an attraction for visitors, but also a key element in shaping authentic tourist experiences. Impact on the local community, while providing a range of positive effects, may also show some negative consequences of increased tourist visitation. Some of the main negative effects are displacement of long-time residents due to rising property prices and rents, loss of community identity and cultural heritage due to erosion of cultural norms and values, reduced affordability of local businesses and services, leading to the displacement of small businesses and threat of relocation away from ancestral land. Finally, the intangible cultural heritage is tempted to adjust itself in order to accommodate tourist demand and appear more presentable. Caution and careful planning are essential to ensure that intangible cultural heritage as part of the tourist offer does not lose its purpose and significance for the local community or its authenticity. The integration of intangible cultural heritage into tourist projects enriches the tourist experience, fosters cultural exchange, and supports community well-being. The second part of this dissertation is the empirical part, and it is focused on exploring the specific implication of tourist valorization of intangible cultural heritage on sustainable tourism development. The research questions are transformed to research goals and four main hypotheses are formed. One of the goals was to determine the differences between two researchs, one in 2016. and the other one in 2022.
• H1: There is a statistically significant difference between tourists whose primary motivation for visiting a destination is culture and those with other motivations regarding their socio-demographic variables.
• H2: There is a statistically significant difference in the proportion of tourists whose primary motivation for visiting the destination is culture between 2016 and 2022.
• H3: There is a statistically significant difference between tourists who participated in or learned about the intangible cultural heritage of the destination and those who did not regarding their socio-demographic variables.
• H4: The tourism valorization of intangible cultural heritage has a positive impact on extending tourists' length of stay at the destination.
• H5: The tourism valorization of intangible cultural heritage positively influences the intention to visit the destination outside the main season.
• H6: The tourism valorization of intangible cultural heritage is associated with higher levels of tourist expenditure. The research method used was a structured survey questionnaire. The target segment, or sample, consisted of tourists in the destinations. The research was conducted in two time segments. The first survey was conducted in 2016, and the second survey was conducted in 2022. A total of 1,168 questionnaires went for further processing, with 572 from the first survey and 596 from the second survey. Both surveys were conducted during the peak season in various destinations in Croatia and the Czech Republic. In Croatia, the research was conducted on the island of Pag, in Šibenik, Varaždin, and Slavonia, specifically in Vinkovci. In the Czech Republic, the research was conducted in Prague. In each destination, the survey questionnaire highlighted the intangible cultural heritage associated with or originating from the destination. The research was conducted using the "face-to-face" method with interviewers. The survey questionnaire was available in several languages: Croatian, English, German, Italian, French, Spanish, and Russian. Intangible cultural heritage, as a distinct and valuable tourism resource, plays a crucial role in mitigating seasonality by addressing two critical dimensions: extending the duration of tourists' stays within the destination and attracting visitors during off-peak periods. Empirical findings from the study demonstrate that the valorization of intangible cultural heritage in tourism significantly contributes to elevated levels of tourist expenditure. Furthermore, the research delineates notable sociodemographic distinctions between cultural tourists and those engaging in activities specifically centered on intangible cultural heritage. The comparative analysis of survey data from 2016 and 2022 revealed no statistically significant differences, thereby underscoring the robustness and consistency of findings related to participants’ motivations, behavioral patterns, and expressed intentions. The economic consequences of tourist-valorised intangible cultural heritage are positive for local communities, but also for the bearers of intangible cultural heritage. The synergy between cultural tourism and the preservation of intangible cultural heritage contributes to the sustainable development of communities and tourist destinations. Furthermore, the conclusions drawn can be applied at a practical level to initiate dialogue between the tourist and cultural sectors, fostering a shared holistic approach to preserving intangible cultural heritage and promoting sustainable tourism development. Considering that sustainable tourism development is the only viable path for long-term progress, it is understandable that there are multiple ways to achieve it. This study has demonstrated the significant role of intangible cultural heritage in sustainable tourism development. Less |
